仔细想想，接吻其实算得上一种奇怪且有点恶心的行為。接吻时你与对方交换唾液，有时还持续很长时间。一次接吻可传播8000万个细菌，其中包括了有害细菌。
然而，毫无疑问，每个人都记得自己的初吻，以及初吻时那种或窘迫紧张、或兴奋喜悦的细节。而且，接吻在接下去的恋爱关系中仍是重头戏。
至少在某些社会中，接吻具有重要意义。西方人想当然地认為，全人类都有接吻这一浪漫之举。
然而，一项新研究表明，在全世界的人类文化中，有这种行为的不到一半。而在动物界，接吻之举更是极为罕见。
那么，接吻这一奇特行为的背后到底有着怎样的奥秘呢？如果这种行为是有益的，为什么它不在动物界和人类社会中普遍存在？
在一项新的接吻偏好研究中，科学家通过对全球168种人类文化进行调查，发现只有46%的人类文化把接吻视为一种浪漫的亲密行为。这项新的研究不包括父母对孩子的亲吻行为，仅研究爱人之间嘴对嘴的浪漫接吻方式。
之前有人估计这个数字比例可能高达90%，然而事实比例远低于此。
在许多以狩猎采集为生的族群中，你完全看不到一丝接吻或接吻欲求的痕迹，一些族群甚至认为接吻之举令人作呕。据称，巴西的喜拿库部落形容此举「粗鲁恶心」。
研究认为，以狩猎采集为生的族群是离现代人最近、又过著远祖生活的人群，因此可以推断，人类的祖先可能都没有相互接吻的行为。
该研究的第一作者、拉斯维加斯内华达大学的威廉•扬科维亚克指出，许多人认为浪漫之吻是近乎全人类都有的行为，而该研究颠覆了这种观念，事实上，接吻是由西方社会创造且传承的后天学习行为。
此外，还有一些史实佐证了这项研究的发现。
英国牛津大学的研究人员拉斐尔•乌洛达斯基表示，如今人与人之间的接吻行为或许是一项新近发明现象。通过查阅大量史料，他发现了接吻的演变历程。
有关类似接吻行為的最古老的记载来自3500年前印度教吠陀梵语的经文中，接吻在文中被视为互相吸取对方灵魂的行為。
而与之相反的是，在古埃及的象形文字壁画中，只是刻画了人们相互之间靠得很近、但并不互碰双唇的画面。
那么，这到底是怎么一回事呢？我们是不是天生就会接吻，只是后天受到了某些文化的压抑和克制？还是说，接吻本就是一种现代人的发明创造？
通过观察研究动物，我们可以洞悉其中的一些奥妙。
在人类的近亲黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩中，的确存在接吻的行为方式。乔治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学的灵长类动物学家弗朗斯•德•瓦尔亲眼见过许多黑猩猩在冲突后亲吻、拥抱对方的情景。
对黑猩猩而言，接吻是一种重归于好的方式，且这种行为更常见于雄性而不是雌性黑猩猩之间。换而言之，接吻并不是一种浪漫的示爱行為。
而其近亲倭黑猩猩的接吻行為更为常见，并且它们在接吻时常常使用舌头。或许，这种舌吻并不足为奇，因为倭黑猩猩是一种性欲旺盛的动物。
当两人碰面时，我们通常会握手。而倭黑猩猩通常会性交，这就是所谓的倭黑猩猩式的握手。此外，它们在建立其它亲密关系时也会发生性关係。因此，倭黑猩猩的吻也不意味有着特殊的浪漫意义。
据我们所知，除这两种类人猿外，其它动物根本没有接吻行為。它们会轻轻地蹭一蹭、碰一碰对方的脸颊，但就算是碰到了嘴唇，它们也不会与对方交换唾液，或者撅起嘴用力唇吻。它们不需要这样。
以野猪为例，雄性野猪会发出一种对雌性野猪极具吸引力的刺激性气味。这其中的关键化学物质是一种被称为雄烯酮的信息素，可以勾起雌性野猪交配的慾望。
从雌性野猪的角度来看，这是一件好事，因為雄烯酮排放最多的公猪具备最强的繁殖能力。雌性野猪的嗅觉非常敏锐，因此不需要凑得更近去亲吻雄性。
其它许多哺乳动物也是如此。例如，母仓鼠可以排放出一种信息素，令公仓鼠发情兴奋。老鼠也会追踪类似的化学气味，找到基因迥异于自身的交配对象，最大程度地降低意外乱伦的风险。
动物常常通过尿液来散播「性息」。乌洛达斯基说：「它们的尿液非常之刺鼻。只要身边环境中有尿液，它们闻一下，就能判断对方合适不合适。」
可不只有哺乳动物具备敏锐的嗅觉。雄性黑寡妇蜘蛛也能闻出雌性蜘蛛排放的信息素，并从中得知她最近是否吃饱。而雄蜘蛛只与吃饱了的雌蜘蛛交配，以最大限度地降低被雌蜘蛛吞食的风险。
重点是，动物不需要靠近对方，就能通过嗅觉找到中意的潜在交配对象。
另一方面，与动物相比，人类的嗅觉可是糟透了，所以我们需要相互靠近以示亲密。尽管嗅觉并不是我们用来评估适合性的唯一方法，但是研究显示，嗅觉在人类择偶过程中仍旧发挥著重要作用。
1995年发表的一份研究报告指出，女人就像老鼠，更喜欢那些基因迥异于自身的男人所散发出的气息。
这种偏好合乎情理，因为和与自身有著不同基因的男人交配，就更有可能生出健康的后代。接吻是一种让你在足够亲密时、嗅出对方基因的绝佳方法。
2013年，乌洛达斯基就开始对数百人的接吻偏好进行详细深入的调研。这些受试者评价了在接吻时，他们认为什么最重要。
在这些人的回答中，「接吻时对方身体气味给人带来的感受」这个回答的比例很高，而当女性处在最佳受孕期时，气味的重要性更会增加。
原来，男性也会制造出类似野猪吸引雌性的那种信息素。这种信息素存在于男性汗液中，当女性嗅到汗味时，她们的性兴奋程度会略微提高。
乌洛达斯基指出，在哺乳动物择偶过程中，信息素发挥著举足轻重的作用，人类也不例外。他说：「我们继承了哺乳动物的所有生理特征，并在漫长的进化过程中，添加了一些新的特征元素。」
照这个观点来看，接吻只是人类文化意义上的示爱方式，其目的却是与对方靠得足够近，以探测接收其信息素。
在一些人类文化中，这种嗅觉行为演化成为身体上的唇吻。乌洛达斯基说，很难确定二者过渡的具体时间，但是其目的却是相同的。
因此，如果你想找到一个完美的伴侣，你可以不接吻，而只用鼻子在对方身上闻一闻。这样一来，你同样可以找到可心的伴侣，而且还不用沾一嘴细菌。只不过，那样会看起来非常喜感。
博物学家贡献给你十个知识谈资
1. 花椒的麻不是味觉，而是触觉
事实上，舌头上的味蕾，能感受到很多味道——甜酸苦咸，但没有麻。麻，其实是一种由震动带来的触觉。
吃花椒后麻麻的感觉，在理论上说，跟舌头每秒震动50次的感觉是一样的。
2. 我们可能再也吃不到香蕉了
现在，世界上最主要的香蕉品种“华蕉”，被一种称为“香蕉癌”的真菌感染，导致整株枯萎、死亡。
香蕉的繁衍方式独特，培育新品种难度非常大。科学家试图用“基因改造”，帮香蕉抵御病害，但希望渺茫。或许不久后，我们再也吃不到香蕉了。
3. 恐龙的味道像鸡肉
2003年，古生物学家在一块霸王龙的腿骨中发现了一些软组织，经过对比发现，恐龙的蛋白质组成跟鸡肉蛋白高度相似。
从这个意义上来说，恐龙肉吃起来可能会很像鸡肉。
4. 腰果壳有剧毒
为什么买的腰果从来没有壳？因为腰果壳油中的成分腰果酚，有剧毒，是制作杀虫剂的原材料。所以最开始，人为了获得果仁，要用火烤、高温分解毒素等方法，后来才改用机器。现在，腰果壳油里的成分，也被用在塑料和橡胶品的制造中。
5. 蛤蟆并不能预测地震
春天，天气转暖，蛤蟆结束了冬眠。为了交配，它们会往水塘移动。
因为差不多都是同时结束冬眠的，所以看起来自然就成群结队了。这种现象，每年都有，和地震并无关联，只是有时我们没有留意到罢了。
6. 最早的胡萝卜不是橙色的
最早的胡萝卜有两种：紫色的和黄色的，没有橙色。直到16世纪，当时橙色是荷兰亲王家族的象征颜色，一个园艺学家偶然发现了一些橙黄色的胡萝卜，为了讨好亲王，开始大量培养这个品种，想办法让颜色越来越深。最终，形成了现在的样子。
7. 橙子和柠檬都是杂交出来的水果
橙子、柠檬、柚子、广柑……生活里常见的柑橘类水果，其实都是一家子。它们的祖先有三个：香橼、柚子和宽皮橘。柚子和宽皮橘杂交，成了橙子；香橼和酸橙杂交，就成了柠檬。现在，园艺学家们又开始尝试新的方式，希望培育出更多好吃的柑橘类水果。
8. 北极曾也有“企鹅”
准确来说，北极的“企鹅”，是一种和企鹅非常像的动物——大海雀。实际上，英语的“penguin”原本就是指大海雀，因为企鹅和它太像了，人们以为企鹅是大海雀的亲戚，才误用了这个词。1844年7月，三个渔民误伤了最后一对大海雀的鸟蛋，大海雀灭绝。于是，北极再也看不到“企鹅”了。
9. 大多数的方便面并不含防腐剂
方便面是由日本的安藤百福发明的。生活中大部分方便面，先油炸让面饼脱水，再高温熬制，把汤汁浓缩成调料包。面饼炸过后迅速脱水，不易变质；调味料虽含水，但经过X光照射，杀死了其中的细菌。所以，不管是面饼，还是调料包，都不需要添加防腐剂。
10. 色盲也有好处
最近，科学家研究猴子发现：色盲可能并不是一种病，而是生物为了适应周围环境，主动放弃色彩视觉。色盲患者虽然丧失了识别颜色的优势，但会对形状更敏感。比如南美洲的绒猴，因为色盲，反而能更准确地识别昆虫的拟态；人类也会利用色盲者，去发现战场上伪装的敌人。
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